Description
Other Taxonomic Groupings - A cultivated variety of Leuciscus idus was known as the 'golden ide' (Bean 1896).
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Chordata | Osteichthyes | Cypriniformes | Cyprinidae | Leuciscus |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1889 | Extinct | Contracting | Introduced | Regular Resident | Europe | Eurasia | Fisheries(Fisheries Intentional) |
History of Spread
Leuciscus idus (Ide) is native to Europe from Rhine River to southern Scandinavia, eastward in the Arctic and White Sea Basins, south to the Volga and Danube, and the northern Caspian and Black Sea basins (Courtenay et al. 1984). This fish was introduced into ponds in Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, by the United States Fish Commisision (USFC) in 1877 (Schwartz 1963; Lee 1976), and was later reared in the USFC hatchery in Washington. Leuciscus idus were distributed to private applicants in 19 states in 1894, including MD, DC, and VA (Bean 1896). Scattered populations have been found and eradicated in ME, CT, PA, and NY, but reproducing populations may still occur in the eastern United States. In the 1980s, this fish was being reared and sold as a baitfish in TN and AR (Courtenay et al. 1984), so that further introductions are possible. Fuller et al. (1999) listed 10 states where introductions were documented, but found no evidence of establishment.
Leuciscus idus escaped from the USFC hatchery into the Potomac in 1889, during floods (Bean 1896). They were collected for some years after (Smith and Bean 1898). Some fish from a fish-rearing operation may have escaped into the Monocacy River at Thurmont MD (Schwartz 1963). Leuciscus idus were also collected in the Susquehanna drainage at Hamilton NY in 1950 (Courtenay et al. 1984). However, there are no recent records from the Chesapeake drainage (Musick 1972a; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). Reasons for the failure of the introduction are not clear. A search of the Web indicates that L. idus is still being reared and sold as an ornamental fish in MD (Fofonoff, personal observation).
History References - Bean 1896; Courtenay et al. 1984; Fuller et al. 1999; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Lee 1976; Musick 1972a; Schwartz 1963; Smith and Bean 1898
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 38.0 | |||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Leuciscus idus (Ide) appeared occasionally in markets after its introduction (Smith and Bean 1898), but disappeared from the Potomac by the 20's. It was later reared commercially near Frederick MD, on the Monocacy River, but there are no recent records (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Lee et al. 1981; Schwartz 1963).
References- Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Lee et al. 1981; Schwartz 1963; Smith and Bean 1898
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Leuciscus idus (Ide)is a popular ornamental, food, and sport fish in Europe. It is reared and sold as bait, and as an ornamental, in some U.S. states, but is nearly extinct in the wild in United States waters. Some populations have been deliberately eradicated by fisheries agencies because of presumed threats to native or introduced sports fish populatiions (Courtenay et al. 1984; Page and Burr 1991).
References - Courtenay et al. 1984; Page and Burr 1991
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Leuciscus idus (Ide) apparently survived and reproduced for a few years after its introduction into the Potomac (Smith and Bean 1898) and other tributaries, but eventually died out in the Chesapeake drainage and most of its introduced range (Courtenay et al. 1984; Schwartz 1963). Its impacts are presumed to have been minimal.
References- Courtenay et al. 1984; Schwartz 1963; Smith and Bean 1898
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Leuciscus idus (Ide) apparently had minimal impacts on introduced species during its brief existence in the Potomac.
References
Bean, Tarleton H. (1896) Report on the propagation and distribution of food-fishes, In: (Eds.) Report of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries for 1894. , Washington, D.C.. Pp.Courtenay, Walter R., Jr.; Hensley, Dannie A.; Taylor, Jeffrey; McCann, James A. (1984) Distribution of exotic fishes in the continental United States., In: Courtenay, Walter R., and Stauffer, Jay R.(Eds.) Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. , Baltimore, MD. Pp.
Davis, Robert M. (1974) Key to the freshwater fishes of Maryland, , Annapolis, MD. Pp.
Fuller, Pam. L.; Nico, Leo; Williams, J. D. (1999) Nonindigenous fishes introduced into inland waters of the United States, , Bethesda MD. Pp.
Horoszewicz, Lidia (1973) Lethal and 'disturbing' temperatures in some fish species from lakes with normal and artificially elevated temperature, Journal of Fish Biology 5: 165-181
Jenkins, Robert E.; Burkhead, Noel M. (1993) Freshwater fishes of Virginia., , Bethesda, MD. Pp.
Lee, David S. (1976) Aquatic zoogeography of Maryland, Atlantic Naturalist 31: 147-158
Lee, David S.; Platania, S. P.; Gilbert, Carter R.; Franz, Richard; Norden, Arnold (1981) A revised list of the freshwater fishes of Maryland and Delaware, Proceedings of the Southeastern Fishes Council 3: 1-9
Musick, J. A.; Wiley, Martin L. (1972) Fishes of Chesapeake Bay and the adjacent coastal plain, Special Scientific Report, Virginia Institute of Marine Science 65: 175-212
Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M. (1991) Freshwater Fishes., , Boston. Pp.
Schwartz, Frank J. (1963) The freshwater minnows of Maryland, Maryland Conservationist 40: 19-29
Smith, Hugh M.; Bean, Barton A. (1898) List of fishes known to inhabit the waters of the District of Columbia and vicinity., Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission 18: 179-187